Asian Journal of Sociological Research

This study integrates PVGIS and FLEVY simulation tools to evaluate the economic performance of grid-connected and solar-based EV charging models in Myanmar, demonstrating that solar-BESS systems can provide long-term strategic benefits for rural electrification and sustainability. All are considered in same charging price and MOEP tariff rate and different location. Specifically, at present, approximately 99% of charging stations in Myanmar operate on AC grid power and are predominantly located in major cities, such as Yangon, Mandalay, and Naypyitaw. While this concentration benefits urban EV users, it creates a serious accessibility gap for non-EV drivers and potential EV adopters in rural and intercity areas. The absence of charging facilities along regional and countryside routes discourages internal combustion engine (ICE) car owners and express bus operators from considering EV replacements. This urban–rural disparity in charging access not only limits the diffusion of EV technology but also hinders the government’s objectives for energy diversification and fuel import reduction. As a result, the current development pattern risks creating a two-tier mobility system where urban populations benefit from clean transport, while rural populations continue to rely on fossil fuels. A major barrier to nationwide EVC deployment is the high capital cost of electrical infrastructure, particularly the installation of 33/11/0.4 kV distribution transformers with high MVA ratings. These transformers are often oversized relative to the actual EV demand, resulting in underutilized capacity and inefficient capital allocation. For most investors, these infrastructure costs represent the largest expenditure component and substantially influence the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), NPV and payback period of EVC projects. To examine these economic dynamics, this study evaluates three distinct charging business models over a 14-year financial period under the assumption of a 50% government bank loan with a 7% annual interest rate. Among the three cases, Case 1 (Conventional AC Model) represents the typical grid-connected EVC structure; Case 2 (Economical AC Model) focuses on cost-optimized charging design; and Case 3 (Off-grid Solar + Battery Energy Storage System) explores a renewable, stand-alone alternative for rural and remote regions. Based on financial analysis results, Case 2 and Case 3 demonstrate the most relevant and strategic value for Myanmar’s long-term transport electrification.